Basic Aerodynamics

The ISA model — pressure, temperature, density and lapse rate with altitude, and how density altitude drives performance.

Streamlines, continuity and Bernoulli, angle of attack, the laminar/turbulent boundary layer, separation and surface contamination.

The lift and drag equations, C_L vs angle of attack and the stall, parasite/induced drag and the best-L/D (minimum-drag) speed.

Balance of lift, weight, thrust and drag; the glide and glide ratio; climb, descent and the turn.

Load factor and manoeuvre stall speed, the V-n diagram and manoeuvring speed, and flaps/slats as lift-augmentation devices.

Static vs dynamic stability and the longitudinal, directional and lateral axes, including Dutch roll and spiral modes.

Timed EASA-style Category A/B3 paper across all six sub-sections — 24 questions in 30 minutes, 75% to pass.